Chapter 6 (Pages 321-335)

-After reading these pages in my book it was interesting that IP Addresses must have it own individual and unique address to ensure that data transmitted over a private or public IP network reaches its current destination. Each node on an IP network also has a logical address, called an IP Address. It has four groups of numbers that range from 0-255, for example- 202.78.173.12. Most IP Address are set as random but are unique and can not be the same as another computer or network. It is mainly a 32 bit number made up of four 8 bit numbers. Each 8 bit number is called an Octet. Sometimes a Classical Routing System is used to assign the IP Addresses by classifying networks from class A through class E. 

- In order to view your networks IP Addresses you the command prompt window by going to the start menu on the tool bar. Once you in the window you should type ipconfig /all and click enter. This will then display all the information about your networked computer. 

- IPv4: Is the most current and widely used standard IP Address.

- IPv6: Is expected to replace IPv4. IPv6 lengthens its addresses from 32 bit to 128 bits which increases the number of addresses. But it will take many years before this becomes commonly used across most networks. 

This Link shows IPv4 vs IPv6:

 http://www.xibl.com/general-articles/ipv4-vs-ipv6/

Here are the differences:

IPV4	IPV6
Source and destination addresses are 32 bits (4 bytes) in length.	Source and destination addresses are 128 bits (16 bytes) in length.
IPSec support is optional.	IPSec support is required.
IPv4 header does not identify packet flow for QoS handling by routers.	IPv6 header contains Flow Label field, which identifies packet flow for QoS handling by router.
Both routers and the sending host fragment packets.	Only the sending host fragments packets; routers do not.
Header includes a checksum.	Header does not include a checksum.
Header includes options.	All optional data is moved to IPv6 extension headers.
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) uses broadcast ARP Request frames to resolve an IP address to a link-layer address.	Multicast Neighbor Solicitation messages resolve IP addresses to link-layer addresses.
Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) manages membership in local subnet groups.	Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) messages manage membership in local subnet groups.
ICMP Router Discovery is used to determine the IPv4 address of the best default gateway, and it is optional.	ICMPv6 Router Solicitation and Router Advertisement messages are used to determine the IP address of the best default gateway, and they are required.
Broadcast addresses are used to send traffic to all nodes on a subnet.	IPv6 uses a link-local scope all-nodes multicast address.
Must be configured either manually or through DHCP.	Does not require manual configuration or DHCP.
Uses host address (A) resource records in Domain Name System (DNS) to map host names to IPv4 addresses.	Uses host address (AAAA) resource records in DNS to map host names to IPv6 addresses.
Uses pointer (PTR) resource records in the IN-ADDR.ARPA DNS domain to map IPv4 addresses to host names.	Uses pointer (PTR) resource records in the IP6.ARPA DNS domain to map IPv6 addresses to host names.
Must support a 576-byte packet size (possibly fragmented).	Must support a 1280-byte packet size (without fragmentation).

-There are also DNS Servers which stands for Domain Name Server. These consist of root name servers, authoritative servers, and local catching servers. To find out more information about DNS you can follow the link under resources. It goes more in dept about what they actually are and how every website has a IP address but uses a Domain Name. You can also look up IP Address and Domain Names in the command promot window by typing in nslookup cnn.com then enter and it will show you its IP address. 

- Later on in the chapter it also talks about location based services called (LBS) and global position services called (GPS).There are links that talk about them under my resources.

http://riggosrag.com/files/2009/07/a-gps-example1.gif

 

Resources: 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octet_(computing)- Octet

http://www.xibl.com/general-articles/ipv4-vs-ipv6/- IPv4 vs IPv6

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System- DNS

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System- GPS

http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/location-based-service-LBS- LBS

Chapter 6 Pages 309-320

- In this reading it talked about understanding internet technologies and security. Networking computer is important because it makes it possible for two or more computers, printers, or other devices using cables or wireless media. Computer networks can be simple or complex, local, or worldwide. A local area network is a computer network supporting users in a small geographical area, such as home, an office, a single building, or several buildings like a college campus. Each device on a LAN is called a node; these nodes communicate with each other with cables or wireless media, such as radip waves. They are configured in one or two basic structures: Peer-to-Peer or Client/Server.
Peer-tp-Peer: consists of a small number of computer (10 or fewer) that are linked together.
Client/Server: consists of multiple computers using one or more servers and other devices such as printers.
- Some times a hub is used to connect multiple nodes on the same network.(Figure 1)
 Figure 1: Small number of computers connected in a peer to peer LAN using a HUB.


- A metropolitan area network connects clients and servers in a region that is larger than a single office or building. A MAN is usually owned by a consortium of users or by a single network provider.

-A wide area network is a network covering a very wide geographical area.

http://www.fachtnaroe.com/images/NetworkTopologies.png

Ring Topology- connects each node to the next node using a single circle or cable.

Star Topology- cinnects each node to a central device, such as a hub or switch.

Bus Topology- connects all nodes on a peer-to-peer network with a single cable.

Web Sources:

http://www.edrawsoft.com/Local-Area-Network.php: This web link shows local area network examples and the technology overview.

http://www.edrawsoft.com/Wide-Area-Network.php: This web link shows wide area network examples and the technology overview.

http://www.cap-lore.com/Hardware/HBRS.html: This site gives definitions of a hub, switch, bridge, and router.



Final Project (Phase 1)

- When i create my digital portfolio i plan to use google documents and find a template in which i will create my own personal website that allows people to view all my works. In this website i will have projects i completed, videos, blogs, and social networking sites i use that people can follow my most recent post and information. I will use photoshop to create my graphics and use html code to edit and personalize my entire website.

- From this class i plan to use my Blogger account and put that in my digital portfolio for people to view my work and check out other projects i completed. I will put in powerpoint presentations i completed and other forms of photography. I will have links to my personal learning networks such as my Facebook and Twitter accounts that i set up in this class that people can follow my posts. It will be a great way for people to explore my work and i will be able to update the content and information as i continue through college.

This Image is a photo of website templates that i plan to use and personalize to my own interests in my digital portfolio.

Chapter 5 (Pages 273-301)

- From reading this chapter it covered special interest web sites which provide people with a wide range of information and advice. Also if you are looking for general health, diet, and fitness information online, however, you can choose from hundreds of web sites. Some popular health and diet web sites are MyFoodDiary, eDiets, and Weight Watchers. These sites offer people a veriety features which include calorie meal plans, exercise plans, and support and discussion groups. However, they cost a monthly fee to all users (Figure 1). If you choose to use a free diet or fitness website for free you can use fitness.gov or nutrition.gov (Figure 2). Its a great way to keep track of your health and make sure your staying healthy.


Figure 1- Image of a Fitness Website you can join for a monthly fee.

 

Figure 2- Image of Free Fitness Website.






- There are also thousands of entertainment, hobby, and social interest websites. Food and cooking websites are great ways to learn new recipes and cooking tips. Also these sites provide information about restaurants and cookbooks.
- Museum websites are good to explore if you like viewing natural science, painting, ans sculptures. You can learn about current exhibits, memberships, and hours their open daily.
- For people interested in genealogy you can use web site to find out information about family history. Its becoming one of the worlds most famous growing hobbies. They also offer these for a monthly free but some other sites are available for free.
-Seniors use the internet to enrich their lives by staying connected to family and friends. Thier are a number of websites such as AARP and SeniorNet that cater to the interest of older adults. Regardless of your age or interests, you can likely find and number of web sites to enjoy.

Today Banking and Paying Bills online is become extremely popular. Online can allow you to complete the following tasks. View your accounts, history of account transactions, pay your bills, transfer funds, issue a stop payment, order checks, and etc (Figure 3). Also people could invest online, you can handle your stocks and other investments (Figure 4). There are many websites people use to do banking online although people should be aware of the dangers involved. If someone finds out you password or account information by using spyware or keyloggers you could be introuble. However, from this chapter it showed that thier is a wide range of personal interest sites that people can use. And the internet is continuing to grow and i am sure their is a web site out thier for anyone in the world.



Figure 3- Image of a Banking Website.





Figure 4- Image of a Investing Website.



Creating a PLN

- A personal learning network is a way to make connections and share ideas with people all around the world. To get started with a PLN we can sign up with an account with a scoial network or other blogging sites. This will allow you to look around and find people or groups with your same interests. I am going to use Facebook.com, Twitter.com, and Blogger.com with these networks i will get in contact with other in the field and communicate with them (see figure 1).
Here are some steps in starting a PLN.
-join a network
-find people to follow
-join in the conversation
-start a conversation

Figure 1: Some networking site you can join.

Some helpful PLN links are: You can create accounts and start getting connected.
http://www.facebook.com/
http://www.twitter.com/
http://www.blogger.com/

 My IGoogle Account.

Chapter 5 (pgs 242-272)

Getting More Out of the Internet!
- After reading this chapter i learned more about the different types of portal sites and the role they play in ensuring the contents is avalible to the public, employees, vendors, customers, and business partiners. Portals serve as a gateway to a wide variety of web content. Their are also consumer portals such as a general consumer portal and personal portals. With general portals they include information for you such as search tools, links to shopping, sport scores, and etc. Some examples are Yahoo, and Lycos. However, with personal portals you can customize the contents to meet your specific needs. Some examples would include IGoogle, and My Yahoo (see figure 1). Its a great way to keep up on the most recent news, wheater, and videos.

Figure 1: Example of a personal portal, which allows you to customize the content.

-We also have the options to explore vertical and industry portals which provide people with specific interests such as ethnic intersts, children's activities, and social issues. Some examples of these portals are penn states youth portal, msn latino, and export.gov.
-Finally there are corporate portals also called (EIPs) which employees, customers, vendors, and other buisness partners can use a single corporate portal to access specific information about the business and work with others.



- Also from this reading i learned about the charactoristics of a news-oriented web site. There are four important reasons for the growing popularity of news, sports, weather, and traffic web sites. The following include avalibility, immediacy, interactivity, and customizability. Most people would use news sites and traffic web sites to find out the most current information happening. Some examples are buffalonew.com, cnn.com, and washingtonpost.com.
- Some of these sites may also use streaming video or audio media. To attract more views this is mainly because they have video clips of the timely news, game highlights, and web sites interests. Some websites give peoeple the abiliy to listen to the radio and sport games (see figure 2).

Figure 2: Streaming video in web pages.

-Finally when searching online you can research encyclopedia and other reference tools. With online encyclopedias it provides people with information about anything your interest in researching. Web sites like encylopedia.com and dictionary.com help people define specific words and information (see figure 3). They are great ways to do research for topics and projects. From this chapter it helped me understand more about differents portals and internet tools.

Figure 3: Online Dictionaries



Figure 3: Online Encyclopedia's



Cinch Recording

Text Messaging and Chat (pages 196-231)

- (SMS) also called Short Message Service and (MMS) Multimedia Messaging Servicess, allows users to send short messages containing text only or text, audio, and video to and from cell phones. Some website like verizon allows people send text messages right from the website. Text messaging is limited to 160 charactors, including the address and subject line. Many people use common abbreviations such as LOL,TTYL,GTG, and much more. By doing this it saves space which allow you to send more text.

- A chat allows two or more people communicate and exchange text or other multimedia messages. The earliest chat was IRC- Internet Relay Chat, which was a text based communication tool. They connected through a server and from that they could communicate with other users on that IRC. There are also channels or chat rooms, which allows people to talk with other people on the internet or set up private networks where you can communicate with friends. This link shows the top 100 chat rooms that you can us to talk with other people-http://www.100toplibrarysites.com/?cat=Chat .
- There are also web based chat and instant messager. These allow people to make accounts and add other people to you buddy list. When you add new people they have to except you as a friend and then you can begin talking with them. It also allows you to put up a status saying if you are online or away. Also you can see if people signed on or are off line. Chating on the internet is becoming the future more people continue to use these products and web based sites.

Social Media and Social Networking (pgs 196-231)

- The social media has grown greatly its a great way for individuals to interact with family, firends, and others. Social media can be defined as an online tool that allows people to communicate, collabrate, and share over the internet. Facebook and Myspace were to examples of social media that brought people together and share common interests. Many individuals can post the status or thoughts in a kind of online journal or blog. This allows others to respond and comments leaving their own thoughts. Many business people use these social networks also because its a way for them to advertise for free and commincate with other companies. Its continuing to grow and more people are learning how to use them.
- Its targeted toward the young and old, to interact with there friends on the network. Also you can post your own photo and video that you want other people to see. You can share links to your favorite website for others to see. Although social networking can be great way to commincate with friends you need to be aware of the risks of preditors,viruses, and theft that is starting to arise. Preditors may clam they are someone they really are not. Which can cause others to fall into that trap. However, these sites give you the abilty to make your profile privite, hide pictures, and hide personal information. Its a great way to make new friends and find people from other locations around the world. I would recommened that you make your own account depending on which site you may decide to choose.


Social Networking Sites!
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_
oFjCEXcdoNs/TGtbVTmRTYI/AAAAAAAAAJ4/nLV2WzqB1G8/s400/
social-networking-sites.png



Final Project

Second Life- Project